COP3 Lecture - Academic Conventions

Introduction



- An Expected System and Structure
- I am going to look at A, B, C & D

Conventions

Example

Richard Eckersly - Type Set -  Deconstructs the rulebook of Academic Writing. 3 Books in one working together and operating on the same page at the same time.

Left is book about Hagel's Philiosphy
Right - LiterallyAnalyisis
Middle - His own Personal Thoughts that sometimes link the two.

This is hardcore Philosophy but is doing something much more exciting.

This idea of Challenging conventions is what COP should be about.



Academic Conventions

- Ways of Writing
- Ways of Laying Out
- Tone our expected to right in
- Style you reference
- The ay in which you evidence
- Institutional Expectations on how your work should look and read
- Framework for you work to fit into (sometimes awkwardly if you have a personal project)
- Level Playing Field to be able to spot the content.


Rule you need to play by.



Quoting And Referencing 

- Showing to anyone who looks, where your argument is coming from on what it's based and someone can trace this back to the books you have used.

- its about honest, clarity and openness.



You need to be able to

- An Ability to apply theory to your field of design
- Analise and Evaluate Ideas based on Evidence
- Carry out a research project which is an ongoing process of learning.

Original Blooms / New Blooms

- Illustrates the difference between superficial engagement and deep embedded learning.




Surface Approach 

- Doing the Minimum
- Following the Brief Exactly.



Deep approach 

- Reflection
- Ongoing Investigation
- Going Beyond Whats Neccasery



How Can I Evidence Deep Learning?

- Follow certain academic standards
- The way in which you write, structure your writing, lay it out
- A Way which gives the understanding that your working in the bet possible way

- Formal Way of Writing - Certain Style and Tone
- Each Discipline has it's own style to follow
- Our Subject Areas will have specialist Vocab and Terminology
- You are exected to be able to use this in an institutuion which proves youve got got a good knowledge of you specific area.
- Learning the Jargon of your discipline and being able to use it comfotable.
- Don't just chuck impressive words in out of context - it's obvious.


COME UP WITH YOUR OWN OPINIONS

- But these have to be based on experiments and logical analysis.
-


- Every Bit of Evidence, Analysised and Critqued
- Structure and Styles of Academic Writing cab be used to quickly show to the reader tht youve thought about a point in a lot of different ways - that your triangulating, that you



TO DO

- Be Precise
- Don't Waffle
- Make a Point, Back it up with Evidence, Critique, Move on
- Don't use unnessacery words
- Don't use cautious language " I think that this is crap " just say "it's crap" then back it up
- Be Confident
- Short Sentences are better - To The Point
- Don't Repeat words again and again - Shows your stuck on one concept and lacking knowledge around the subject
- Analytical
- Sharp Writing



TO NOT DO

- Don't Use a Wafling tone like a story
- Big Statements need evidence
- Don't write how you speak
- Avoid Conversation Tones
- Avoid Slang, Abbreviations, Vague Teams, Contractions. eg. Dept. for Department.

- For Example - "Back in the Day..." DONT USE THIS.

- For Example - "This totally changed peoples lives" DONT USE THIS. Sounds more naturally dramatic but is less forceful academically. 


- First Person is unacceptable. It is too Subjective and Personal - even though this is the idea. Many tutors prefer impersonal language so it needs to be not in first person because they will think that you can't academically write any differently.


- Examples of First Person  - "We have Considered", "I suggest that", " I have Observed".



This should be ;

- Consideration has been given to
- It has been suggested that
- It has been observed


FORMAT OF ESSAY


Preliminaries - Ackonweldgments, Contents, List of Illustrations

Introduction - The Abstract (short paragraph summarises purpose and point of argument), Statement of Problem, Methodological Approach

Main Body - Review of the literature, logically developed argument, chapters, results of investigation

Conclusion - Disscussions and Conclusion, Summary of Conclusion. Answer the Question your Asking, refering back to the question.

Extras - Bibliographies, Appendices



INTRO

Intro Doesnt have to be long - outline reference to related literature, exaplins how arugument will develop. Paragraph for each chapter. Little sentance on how this all works together. Clear! Precise!

Throughout the Essay

A Mixture of Paraphrased Sections, Extended Quotes that are analysises in the next sentance. Small Quotes interwoven inside elements of text

Long Quote Explained  Critical Analaysis
Small Quotes - Good Communication
Paraphrasing - Broad Comprehension



BLEND THOSE THINGS

Get each page working in a manner where there are various writers compared throughout.

IDEALLY 3 or 4 Harvard Reference WRITERS for every A4 double lined page of Text.



Harvard Referencing 


Author, (DATE), Title, Place, Publisher

Example ;

MILES, R (2013) Why Referencing, Leeds: LCA Publishing

Start compiling it and  doing it NOW!



Quotes

'quote' (Surname, Date :  Page Number)
'quote' (Miles, 2013 : 7)



A Different Person within a book by somebody else ;

'quote' (Smith in Miles, 2013, 7)

List of illustrations for every picture you include and pictures need to be included with a reference that is the same as any other book.

COP3 - Aims / Synthesis - Lecture Notes

Richard Miles

COP3 - 40 Credit Module 

What is Needed

A Synthesised research based project - that will have written academic investigations and physical practice. An integration of both of these to create something better. 

Reflection on Research, Re-theorised and Historical Research which is synthesised and reflected through practical work. Making and Writing are investigated.

Praxis 

THEORY > ACTION > REFLECTION 

What does the module demand?

- a cohesive research project with practical and textual outcomes in response to a proposal developed at the end of level 5. if the practical isn't related to the written, you will fail. 

- independent. self organised and personal. 

- in-depth critical research

- ideas need to be tested, worked through, critiqued and developed. 

- a well considered practical project which applied theory into the practice. 

- the work undertaken will reveal the students appreciation and application of research approached and methodologies. (comments on blogs, practice and making)

Methodology 

Methodology is a strategy for investigating 

Marxist, Psychoanalytic, Etc...

The research methodology depends on what your researching. you have to evidence an existing methodology. 

You need to have a methodology and it needs to be synthesised. 

Overview 

- 2.5 ours support on the written element in addition to support with the practical element. 

- maximise this time. come prepared with questions and make sure drafts are submitted. 

- 400 hours study for a 40 credit module.

- 6000 - 9000 word written element 

- DEADLINE 17th JAN (Practical & Written)

- 14 WEEKS!

- try to have a substantial draft submitted by Christmas (AT LEAST)

- Christmas is a  great period to resolve everthing. binding, organising, finishing off. 

Learning Outcomes 

6A1 : Demonstrate an independent critical understanding of the aesthetic, cultural, historical, technological, social, political, or other contexts relevant to individual subject disciplines. 

- Whatever you write or make, you need to be doing these things! you need to CRITIQUE PEOPLES VIEWS. not just regurgitate stuff from text books! TRIANGULATE. Add contrasting opinions! 

6B1 : Apply critical judgement logic and reasoning and critical judgment to analyse ideas from. BELND PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESEARCH. 

C1 : A wide range of practical and theoretical research. not jsut about the amount of research. is it logical? is it organised? 

6D1 : Self management and communication. Visually and Textually. 

6A4 : If it isn't synthesised. evidencing self reflection and reevaulation. your not going to get any marks. 

PRAXIS - An informed enagement. Theory and Researched gets channeled into something concrete in the world. 

COP3 Proposal Form 

REVIEW & REVISE PROPOSAL FORM, AND USE THIS FOR A DISCUSSION WITH YOUR TUTOR TO RECEIVE FEEDBACK. 

come to first meeting with all material you have, with a series of questions and proposal form.

Research 

All sorts of research you can do. 

PRACTICE CENTERED RESEARCH. 

Contextual Research - Frames Making 

Research into Audience or Markets - Thinking ahead of making

Research for Making - Researching new techniques which will help the project. 

Haptic - The act of Making itself, Creating. Which is research. Experimenting with software etc. 

Allan Sekula (1996) 'Fish Story'

Good example of Practice based research

Over 5 years he documented lives of communities and happening in an around the sea and sea trade. the lives of manual labourers as they became redundant with robotic technologies that replaced their jobs. Photojournalistic aspect. 

It was also a proposal for an exhibtion. which was one aspect of it. The photos were presented in a way to tell constructive narratives. Theres also a book. Its a massive body of research. Photography, Writing, Self Reflection, Diaristic. His own Personal Engagement. 

An amazing complex piece of purely synthesised work. 

Create

A GRAPHIC DESIGN PROJECT WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD BASED AROUND YOUR SUBJECT AND THEORY. 14 WEEKS!

COP3 - Lecture - Notes

What to do 

Try to define a subject.
Be as specific as you possibly can.
Think about it, then be more specific again.
This is not a Dissertation title.
This is not set in stone.
It could be a series of related questions, lines of enquiry or objectives.

What research to do

What factors sit ‘behind’ your chosen subject? 

How have historical, cultural, social, technological, economic, political and other factors influenced it?
Who are the key figures within my chosen subject?
What is the specific history of my chosen subject?
Are there any dominant or prevailing attitudes that inform my subject?

Is my subject culturally specific? If so, how?

approches, processes, materials

How will you approach your chosen subject?
What sort of questions will you ask? Why?
What methodology will you use?

Research conducted ‘through’ practice
‘Thinking through doing’
Reflective Practice (Schön)
What effect do changing the materials that you use have on the end result?
What factors could disrupt your creative practice?
What is the relationship of techniques that you use to other techniques in the sector?

what research methodology?

HISTORICAL
SOCIOLOGICAL
SEMIOTIC
COMMUNICATION THEORY
POSTCOLONIAL
PSYCHOANALYSIS
POSTMODERNIST
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
MARXISM

FEMINISM
QUEER THEORY
GENDER STUDIES
REFLECTIVE PRACTICE
EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION 

HERMENEUTICS
DATA COLLECTION
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

what research into topic / who the product can be for?

Who is your research project for? 

What professional contexts could your research be aimed at?
What specific organisations could use your research and how?
How would your tone of voice (visual or written) change if you targeted your research at a different audience?
Does your work challenge existing knowledge in the field? 

Primary / Secondary 

•Primary research – gathering your own original data
•Secondary research – making use of the research and findings of others for corroboration, disagreement, triangulation, theoretical underpinning etc

methods

•Visual practice, experiment, interest & enquiry (research and critical diaries)
•Questionnaires (qualitative/quantitative)
•Interviews
•Case Study
•Site visits

literature 

•Books
•Journals
•Websites / Blogs / On-line forums
•Videos / DVDs
•CDs / Tape Cassettes / Vinyl Recordings
•TV / Radio
•Newspapers / Maps / Reports

•Printed Ephemera

InfoTrac 

-a store of online magazine articles   :

http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/leedscad

- password : tryinfomarks

Google Scholar 

•Some full text PDF articles available
•http://scholar.google.co.uk/

Previous Topics 

Luke

What are the theories and mechanisms behind 'low-budget range' branding in supermarkets; Focusing on uk supermarket Morrisons 'M Savers' range and its competitors;-

Tasks:


Structure of dissertation, include chapter headings and the content of these. (I would suggest no more
than five chapters)

Two case studies that you are going to undertake personally (primary research).
Two case that you are intending to refer to (secondary research).
Five texts/theories that discuss the idea of mass consumerism and now can that be applied to the context of your brand.
Research into Communication theory and Media Semiotics A brand that is in contrast rather than competition with Morrisons.

Kristin

Title: How has Coca-Cola used branding and advertising to become top of the soft drinks industry?

Introduction (750 words): Coca-Cola’s brand history from the beginning to the present

                                                 Where did the begin and how? 

                                                 How has it developed over time? 

                                                 Statistics/facts to inform how successful the brand is at present. 

Chapter 1 (2000 words):   Aesthetics

                                                The brand.

                                                The bottle and can. 

                                                Colour, shape, material. 

Chapter 2 (2000 words):   Advertising on a global scale

                                                Father christmas

                                                Big events eg. olympics 

                                                Availability (which countries?)

                                                Limited edition bottles

                                             

Chapter 3 (2000 words):   Consumer reaction

                                                Advertising and emotion. 

                                                Interviews with consumers and whether or not they are    

                                                consumed by the brand, the impact it has, aesthetic influences 

                                                etc.

                                                Sales figures to back up the success with consumers. 

                                                Father christmas: provoking the biggest reaction. 

                                             

Conclusion (1000 words): Evaluate chapters and conclude by answering the original question. 

catergories

Sustainability 
Consumerism
Modernism
Social Impact
Propaganda
Visual Language

Lecture 10 - Communication Theory

Semiotics

Two Ronnies - Four Candles Scene

Meaning isn't guaranteed to what you say. The determination of the guy speaking was secure that he wouldn't be misinterpreted. 

Defined Semiology

- a study of signs and systems 

- language reduces to sign systems which creates image based signs which allows us to use these in understnading visual communication. 

- established an imediate structures of the sign system :-

Signifier / Signified and Referent 

Signifier - The image 

Signified - The mental concept and translation of the image you make. 

Reference - The actual thing or concept itself. 

He also seperated the act of speech and the process of speaking from the system of language itself. This means that the process of speaking is a willful thing on our part that we decide what we want to say. However, language itself does not belong to use. It belongs to society. 

Semiotics is a meta-language. It's a language of itself 

Also signs work within systems and structures. What tells us what to think when we are faced with an image or word? The English language is a system, advertising is, photography, fashion. Diffferent signs in the systems mean what they do because there is an agreement of it. 

What does this signify? go and cold?

How about now? For walkers it means salt and vinegar and cheese and onion but for other crisps its the other way round. Walkers have decided at some point that they would change the system completely 

In actual fact there is no literal translation that the colour represents the flavour but it does in an agreed system. 

Meaning is established in differentiation. 

What these give us are levels of signification. Not everything works on a realistic and literal level. There are deeper levels. Roland Bart warns us to be very cautious of what we feel something may denote because it might just be part of a system and might conote something. 

He looks at 'myths'. Naturalised over a long period of time so they go without saying. What myths are to roland bathes are a third order denotation. Something that bears no logical connection but been naturalised by society. 

Examples of these would be wine and milk. Red wine in France is associated with intelligence over a long period of time. Milk particularly in the US is associated with wholesome, strength, freedom and liberty, when in actual fact there is no logical relation. 

We use the word 'text' when referring to images semiotically. It could be anything.

Paradigm is a series of related signifiers or elements. We will consider how we place certain signifiers and meaning. 

An example Boy/Man/Girl/Female. Replacing these words changes the connotation, history and meaning. 

If we consider the Dolce and Gabbana advert. We have a classy gentleman. The bottle of perfume in the bottom right. The text and logo. In terms of the formal qualities. The composition. He is in the first third of the image and the information is in the bottom right corner. 

If we were to talk about the marlboro advert. If we applied the perfume to that image. It changes to the perfume to be for a man's man! instead of a classy gentleman. 

Metaphor can be used within images. An image of one thing can be used to represent something else of similar qualities. 

A metonym is where a small part of the whole is used to describe the whole. Brings an idea of displacement. 

For example, as a metonym, this could relate to politics when it's just an image of a hand and building.

Photo journalists used rhetorics when selecting photographs. Rhetoric is obvious. War is bad and does bad things to people.

Rhetoric is persuasion used in words.

A movie about him trying to make a movie. A meta-movie if you like. 

Meta - a word that appears infront of words. Difficult to descibe what it means without examples. 

Not just an artwork, but it's art that comments about art. 

We arnt just concerned with how the images are composed but in fact how they come to represent. Not just images but objects, cultures and fashion. 

Barthes himself could have been seen as a structuralist. 

Post-structalism 

<iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/17431354?title=0&amp;byline=0&amp;portrait=0" width="500" height="419" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe> <p><a href="http://vimeo.com/17431354">ART THOUGHTZ: Post-Structuralism</a> from <a href="http://vimeo.com/hennessyyoungman">Hennessy Youngman</a> on <a href="http://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a>.</p>

By looking at the structures of meaning it is assuming the presence of a meaning. There is a meaning there. It can be described as logo centralism. Post structuralism aims to break down the structures. The things that are case aside and left behind. 

Differance comes from the French to differ and to defer. 

Deference is a lot more dangerous that difference. When you come across a word and look it up in a dictionary to find out the meaning but you notice other words from this that means you need to look them up to. Its a meaning that isn't your original meaning. 

Looking at the piece of text above. He writes in such a complicated way which reflects the importance in interpretation. 

Essentially what he is explaining is the process of deferring and differing all the time. 

He says that most of our time our languages privilege things in opposition. Black, White, Male, Female. 

Scary movie only has an existence because of the things that it refrences. Spaced does the exact same thing. 

Reality has altered so much that the representations no longer represent anything that's real but itself. 

The last quote on that slide - The precession of the simulacra  - Most of our experience of reality is through images and representation. The news, adverts, tv, magazines. 

What is the impact of these words, concepts and ideas within design? 

how might we consider it for our own work?

Lecture 9 - Identity

james.beighton@leeds-art.ac.uk

Lecture Summary 

•To introduce historical conceptions of identity
•To introduce Foucault’s ‘discourse’ methodology
•To place and critique contemporary practice within these frameworks, and to consider their validity
•To consider ‘postmodern’ theories of identity as ‘fluid’ and ‘constructed’ (in particular Zygmunt Bauman)
•To consider identity today, especially in the digital domain

Theories of Identity

•ESSENTIALISM (traditional approach)
•Our biological make up makes us who we are.
•We all have an inner essence that makes us who we are.
•POST MODERN THEORISTS DISAGREE
•Post-Modern theorists are ANTI-ESSENTIALIST (more of this later …)

Physiognomy

This is the image of uber intelligence going down to unintelligent. Based on racism, going down to ethnic backgrounds. The more that you veer from a vertical face line the less intelligent you are. 

Phrenology

Normally find these in antique shops. Traditionally, It is based on an idea of an ideal make up. A Picture of good health. It's based largely on a white skinned person. If you look at all the elements it gives us an idea of the perfect ratio of brain make-up to create a well balanced character and identity. 

If your animal tendencies was bigger than you Morals then you may be considered as more likely to criminology. 

You can tell that somebody might be a criminal by the way they look and it is passed down in generations according to Lombroso. 

Cesare Lombroso (1835 – 1909) – Founder of Positivist Criminology – the notion that criminal tendencies are inherited

Physiognomy legitimising racism

In  the western european lifestyle here it shows racism again saying that 'negro's' are less intelligent. It creates all sorts of problems in history such as Hitler and the Nazi's with the Blonde, Blue Eyes, White skin mentality.

Hieronymous Bosch (1450 - 1516) Christ carrying the Cross, Oil on panel, c. 1515 

Chris Ofili, Holy Virgin Mary, 1996

If you look at examples in fine art here there is a historic and contemporary example. Intelligence based on racial features. The top image paints christ carrying a cross. Normal looking people in terms of features. The people that put to death are evil.

Virgin Mary bottom image, In 1997 was in Royal Academy London. The exhibiton went to New York too and here New Yorkers were up in arms about the idea that Virgin Mary wasn't white. They was offended immensly so this was taken down from that exhibiton. Even if we don't beleive in it, it still runs sub-conciously in our heads.


Historical Phases of Identity


Douglas Kellner – Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity and

Politics between the Modern and the Postmodern, 1992

Three stages within historical identity:-

Pre-Modern Identity – personal identity is stable – defined by long standing roles

 
Modern Identity – modern societies begin to offer a wider range of social roles. Possibility to start ‘choosing’ your identity, rather than simply being born into it. People start to ‘worry’ about who they are.

Post-Modern Identity – accepts a ‘fragmented ‘self’. Identity is constructed

Pre-Modern Identity

Institutions determined identity

Marriage, The Church, Monarchy,
Government, The State, Work 

All of these things give secure identities. 

 ‘Secure’ identities


related institutional agency

with vested interest

Farm-worker ………. landed gentry
The Soldier ……. The state
The Factory Worker… Industrial capitalism
The Housewife…… Patriarchy
The Gentleman…. Patriarchy
Husband-Wife (family)….. Marriage/Church 

No Class Systems before Industrialisation but still divides and fixed identities that realte back to some sort of institution. 

Modern Identity (19th & early 20th centuries)

People move to the city for job which gives a new working class and different writers start to write about this. Three most important writers are:-

Charles Baudelaire – The Painter of Modern Life (1863) - Society and social life in Paris

Thorstein Veblen – Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) 

Georg Simmel – The Metropolis and Mental Life (1903)

Gustave Caillebotte (1848 - 94),

Le Pont de l’Europe, 1876

Baudelaire 

introduces concept of the ‘flaneur’ (gentleman-stroller). Flaneur is a male french word. 

In the image above, people that are out and about, they don't need to be working, just strolling. 

Veblen – ‘Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure’

The Leisure Class is the whole idea that you don't have to go to work. The Guy above is not on a n iphone but probably would be if they existed then. Largely to do with Fashion and what you wear. If you are dressed like this strutting about then it gives the impression that you don't have to work. You show off and associate yourself with an identity that you don't have to go to work which is something to aspire to.

Gustave Caillebotte (1848 - 94),

Paris Street, Rainy Day, 1877

Simmel

•Trickle down theory
•Emulation
•Distinction
•The ‘Mask’ of Fashion

Again you see above, the mask of fashion, you hide behind what you wear. It is a system in which the upper classes have this conspicuous asumpton. They show off with the objects they have and things they wear. The lower classes aspire to this and in turn try to emulate what they wear by wearing clothes that look similar out of cheaper material. 

As the higher classes notice this, they start to wear new things in order to maintain their social distinctions within society.

George Simmel

Edvard Munch, Evening on Karl Johan,

Oil on Canvas, 1892

‘The feeling of isolation is rarely as decisive and intense when one actually finds oneself physically alone, as when one is a stranger without relations, among many physically close persons, at a party, on the train, or in the traffic of a large city’ 

Simmel makes the point that actually your encourages to be out and about in the city to be seen, it is actually an alienating experience. 

Simmel suggests that: 

because of the speed and mutability of modernity, individuals withdraw into themselves to find peace.

He describes this as ‘the separation of the subjective from the objective life’ 

Discouse Analysis - Foucault 

Identity is constructed out of the discourses culturally available to us.


What is a discourse ?

‘… a set of recurring statements that define a particular cultural ‘object’ (e.g., madness, criminality, sexuality) and provide concepts and terms through which such an object can be studied and discussed.’ Cavallaro, (2001) 

It gives us cliches and stereotypes about howe we might view people in society. 

Possible Discorses

•Age
•Class
•Gender
•Nationality
•Race/ethnicity
•Sexual orientation
•Education
•Income

All of these things that influence our identity but also give rise to sterotypes and the way people view them. 

Discources to be considered

•Class
•Nationality
•Race/ethnicity
•Gender and sexuality or 'OTHERNESS'

  Class

Humphrey Spender/Mass Observation, Worktown project, 1937

If we talk about class and gender, in order to be able to talk about differences, this requires and awareness of your own class and status.

If you are aware of lower class then you perceive yourself to be higher. 

This project is mass observation which is still going in Brighton. It starts life as a bunch of London Posh people who decided to look at how the other half live in a normal industrial town. Observations at how people live their lives. Northerner looking at Southerners. 

People taking dogs into pubs, sawdust on the floor to spit, etc. Not many people go to the theatre or culture. Kids playing with toys that are rabbits feet. Very cheap, waste product of yesterdays dinner. 

Martin Parr here takes images of the Last Resort - Briton and Mersey side. He claims that theres nothing condescending about these. But you might question this. Sunbathing under a shadow of a JCB. 

‘ “Society” …reminds one of a particularly shrewd,

cunning and pokerfaced player in the game of life,

cheating if given a chance, flouting rules whenever

possible’

Egually here he photographs Ascot. Is he pointing out the failings in these people. Fat women with spillage on dress. Making a social comment about class?

You might see this as being just as much. Splendid floral dress, union jack, deck chair. Playing on sterotypes. 

Equallly germanny with the sausage purposly made to look phallic. Is it making s statement of national identity?

‘Much of the press coverage

centred around accusations

of misogyny because of the

imagery of semi-naked,

staggering and brutalized

women, in conjunction with

the word “rape” in the title.

But McQueen claimed that

the rape was of Scotland, not

the individual models, as the

theme of the show was the

Jacobite rebellion’.



Evans, C. ‘Desire and Dread: Alexander McQueen and the Contemporary Femme Fatale’ in Entwistle, J. and Wilson, M., (2001), Body Dressing, Oxford, Berg, page 202

Alexander Mcqueen uses the word rape as a fashion statement which he says is the rape of Scotland as a metaphor but the girl has bare breast with blood on her.

Anglo/Scottish relationship. Is she making a point to an english person that Scotland is a little enef of england. 

Nation Identity in Architecture. Las Vegas. The notion of in the modern age do you need to travel to see things. Las Vegas has Venice, Disenyland, New York, Paris all in one place. Why would you need a passpot if you can see this little world in the desert. 

‘I didn’t like Europe as much as I liked Disney World. At Disney World all the countries are much closer together, and they just show you the best of each country. Europe is more boring. People talk strange languages and things are dirty. Sometimes you don’t see anything interesting in Europe for days, but at Disney World something different happens all the time, and people are happy. It’s much more fun. It’s well designed!’

A college graduate just back from her first trip to Europe, in Papanek, V. (1995),

The Green Imperative: Ecology and Ethics in Design and Architecture, London, Thames and Hudson, page 139

Chris Offili 

Black, British artist, Born in Manchester, Parents from Trinidad. 

As an artist he draws attention to his ethnicity. Assumption that artist are white european. How do you portray yourself as a black artist? He sues a Bob Marley song and Rasta colours. Looking at black identity at how he sees white people would obviously view it. 

He grew up in the 1960's in Manchester. He gets interest in art and comics and realises that there are no black superheroes so he comes up with the character 'Captain Shit' ironically. 

A series of photographs she took in South London with a pad and marker pen and got people of write down what people were feeling. Some are entertaining, Some are tragic.

Is she making a comment on stereotypes of how black people are. Here two black girls say they like a big willy.

Alexander Mcqueen. Is this a racist statement. Very few black models on the catwalk  and when they are used here with animal hyde and jungleness. He claims he is drawing attention to it but is this racist. Is the crocodile showing our relationship between black and white. 

Emily Bates. White scottish textiles artist. Red headed. She talks about how she spent most of her teenage years getting the world Ginger shouted at her.

She found soleace in Mary Magdeline. The views against why redheads are held as something slightly against the norm. Religion has a very great deal to answer for. In the bible stories, Mary is the prostitute. Scarlet women, based on her hair.

Based on this, she made work that celebrated her red hair. She collected masses of red hair from hairdressers and made this dress. 

‘Edmund Bergler, an American psychoanalyst writing in the 1950s, went much further, both in condemning the ugliness of fashion and in relating it to sex. He recognised that the fashion industry is the work not of women, but of men. Its monstrosities, he argued, were a “gigantic unconscious hoax” perpetrated on women by the arch villains of the Cold War –male homosexuals (for he made the vulgar assumption that all dress designers are “queers”). Having first, in the 1920s, tried to turn women into boys, they had latterly expressed their secret hatred of women by forcing them into exaggerated, ridiculous, hideous clothes’

Wilson, E. (1985), Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity, London, I.B. Tauris, page 94

 

A lot of fashion designers are men for women. 

I dont want to look like a boy. A girl on the left looking like a boy. Stereotypes about how people should look. Fashion has a safety net about heterosexual men who are conscious about their sexuality. 

Cindy Sherman

The idea of the mask of feminity. Cindy Sherman plays on it. Film still that you see in papers and in magazines. She fictionalises stereotypes of women seen in films. You can hide behind fashion.

 

What makes a woman artist an artist? Artists tend to be men so in order for a woman artist to be identified you call them a woman artist.

The fact that are identified as such draws attention to this.

Tracey Emin - She's a slag because that is all the people she's slept with. But she's referring to people who she has slept in a bed with not had sex with. 

Picasso supposedly slept with loads of women but got a pat on the back. well done picasso, you absolute LAD. 

Sam Taylor-Wood puts herself in the male gaze to get noticed in the picture on the left.
 

Wonderbra see this advert as empowering because their life shouldn't be validated on if they can cook but there is also a stereotype that she has big breasts, dumb so can't cook. 

Gillian Wering - Lynne -  it says on her t-shirt - I may not be brilliant, but I have great breasts. Lynne was going through a sex change. 

Post Modern Theory 

•Identity is constructed through our social experience.
•Erving Goffman The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959)
•Goffman saw life as ‘theatre’, made up of ‘encounters’ and ‘performances’
•For Goffman the self is a series of facades

Zygmunt Bauman
 

Identity (2004)

Liquid Modernity (2000)

Liquid Love (2003)

‘Yes, indeed, “identity” is revealed to us only as something to be invented rather than discovered; as a target of an effort, “an objective”’

He writes about Identity and makes this point to us which argues that it is this thing that you can change. Your not set into an identity of where you born and what your parents do. 

‘We use art, architecture, literature, and the rest, and advertising as well, to shield ourselves, in advance of experience, from the stark and plain reality in which we are fated to live’.

Theodore Levitt, The Morality (?) of Advertising,1970

Arguably life is crap. Taking people in a worse position than yourself and looking at them in a way of art. Looking down on these people. 

Andy Hargreaves

‘In airports and other public spaces, people with mobile-phone headset attachments walk around, talking aloud and alone, like paranoid schizophrenics, oblivious to their immediate surroundings.

Introspection is a disappearing act. Faced with moments alone in their cars, on the street or at supermarket checkouts, more and more people do not collect their thoughts, but scan their mobile phone messages for shreds of evidence that someone, somewhere may need or want them.’

Andy Hargreaves (2003), Teaching in the Knowledge Society: Education in the Age of Insecurity, Open University Press, page 25 

He sums up amonst all this stuff going on, checking your phone for exsistence.

Barbara Kruger

Sells to Selfridges - Kruger Accused of being a sellout.

“The typical cultural spectator of postmodernity is viewed as a largely home centred and increasingly solitary player who, via various forms of ‘telemediation’ (stereos, game consoles, videos and televisions), revels in a domesticated (i.e. private and tamed) ‘world at a distance’”

Darley (2000), Visual Digital Culture, p.187

“If I put up a flattering picture of myself with a list of my favourite things, I can construct an artificial representation of who I am in order to get sex or approval. (‘I like Facebook,’ said another friend. ‘I got a shag out of it’)”

Tom Hodgkinson (2008), ‘With friends like these …’, Guardian, 14/01/08 

“The notion ‘you are who you pretend to be’ has a mythic resonance. The Pygmalion story endures because it speaks to a powerful fantasy: that we are not limited by our histories, that we can be recreated or can recreate ourselves... Virtual worlds provide environments for experiences that may be hard to come by in the real”

Sherry Turkle (1994), Constructions and Reconstructions of the Self in Virtual Reality



‘In the brave new world of fleeting chances and frail securities, the old-style stiff and non-negotiable identities simply won’t do’

Bauman (2004), Identity, page 27 

Second Life - People got Married on it - Started a second life affair and fell in love without meeting in real life. The truth of the story came to life when a journalist made a character and started talking to these characters. 

BBC2 Documentary called adultery in cyberspace love. A couple meet in second life . A woman has two kids, husbadn goes to work she spends 16 hours of her day on second life. She falls in love with another guy on secondlife. Tragic Consequences. 

Further Reading 

- Bauman, Z. (2004) Identity, Cambridge, Polity Press

- Benwell, B. and Stokoe, E. (2006) Discourse and Identity, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press

- Gauntlett, D. (2008), Media, Gender and Identity: an introduction, London and New York, Routledge

- Kidd, W. (2001), Culture and Identity, Basingstoke,

- Palgrave Macmillan Woodward, K. (ed.) (1999), Identity and Difference, Milton Keynes, Open University Press